Noun clause

There some kinds of noun clauses , such as the following

1. noun clauses which begin with that

a. As a subject

Here, we can’t omit the word ‘that’

statement	Noun clause
J     Sugar is sweet. It’s a fact. J     The children speak English fluently. It’s understandable.	J     That sugar is sweet is a fact. J     That The children speak English fluently is understandable.

b. as an object

here, we can omit the word ‘that’

examples:

statement	Noun clause
×     Danny is clever ×     Reading is necessary	×     I think (that) Danny is clever ×     We know (that) reading is necessary

2. noun clauses which begin with whether/if.

a. as a subject

example :

whether the man is tired or not is obvious.

As an object, the noun clause is formed from a yes/no question.

b. as an object

examples:

Yes/no question	Noun clause
E     Is your father a lawyer? E     Do the children enjoy the game?	E      I wonder whether your father is a lawyer. E     I don’t know if the children enjoy the game.

3. noun clauses which begin with a question word.

a. as a subject

when the noun clause become a subject, the verb is singular.

Example:

What we will do tonight is not decided yet.

b. as an object

examples:

Wh-Question	Noun clause
Þ     Where do you study? Þ     Who is she? Þ     Who has the dictionary	Þ     Please tell me where you study. Þ     I don’t remember who is she. Þ     I don’t know who has the dictionary.

Transitions: moreover, furthermore, in addition, therefore, consequently

Examples:
1. Rieke is clever and kind. Moreover, she is friendly. Many people like her.
2. The test was difficult. In addition, the time was also limited. Consequently, any students god bad marks.
3. It is raining hard. Furthermore, Ryan’s house is a long way from school. Therefore, he will wait until the rain stops.
-Moreover, use for augmentation
-Consequently, use for result, conclusion, summary
-In addition, use for augmentation
-Furthermore, use for augmentation
-Therefore, use for conclusion, summary
Moreover
You can use “moreover” to replace “and in addition.” It normally begins the second independent clause in a sentence, following a semicolon. Moreover is a transition, so you use it to make something follow another.
Here’s an example with correct punctuation:
-The hairdresser had dyed his hair the wrong color; moreover, the hair turned green when she tried to correct the error.
Furthermore
You use furthermore to add more information to what was already said or written. Furthermore is transitions  part of the Academic Word List and almost always used at the beginning of a sentence.
Example:
We believe that the project is possible. Furthermore, we believe that we can do it within a few months.
In addition
In addition, additionally or also, joins two sentences (independent clauses.)  The word introduces additional information.  These words are often called transition words or conjunctive adverbs.  (Also tends to be less formal than in addition or additionally).
Examples:
-Anne and Alex act and sing.  In addition, they dance.
-She must dance gracefully.  In addition, she must dance precisely.
Therefore
Therefore - (used to introduce a logical conclusion) from that fact or reason or as a result; it’s a conjunctive adverb (the term is not important!).
Examples:
-those people have their umbrellas up: therefore, it must be raining
-they heard the warning on the radio and therefore took another route
Consequently
“Consequently” is very similar to “so” and “therefore.” Like “therefore” it’s a conjunctive adverb (the term is not important!). It usually appears in the middle of sentence, but it may also be used at the beginning of sentence. If you know what the word “consequence” means, you shouldn’t have any trouble with this.
Examples:
-Hector decided not to use a map; consequently, he got lost and never found his way out of the forest. There he died.
-Gas prices rose too high for Matt to afford; consequently, he sold his car and made his daily commute by bike.
-Astronomy has been an interest of human beings for centuries; consequently, our curiousity has led to a better understanding of our place in the solar system and human space exploration.
-Poachers have hunted and killed too many elephants for their tusks; consequently, they have become an endangered species in some parts of the world.
- An adequate water supply is important to a farmer’s success; consequently, irrigation is used in places where water is in short supply.
-Hector was a very good student who studied constantly; consequently, he found a very good job after he graduated from college.
-The United States suffered terribly under incompetent Republican leadership during the 2000s; consequently, the Democrats easily won in the November 2008 elections

So, Too, Either, Neither

1. So and too

The words so and too are used to combine two positive statements with identical predicates to form a compound sentence. The predicate is not repeated completely in the second part of the compound sentence. An auxiliary must be included in the second part of the sentence.

However, there is a difference while using so and too. Read the following patterns.

v     So + auxiliary verb + subject

v     Subject + auxiliary verb + too

Example :

Shane is a smart student. Mark is a smart student.

è     Shane is a smart student and so is Mark.

è     Shane is a smart student and Mark is too.

Either and neither

The words either and neither are used to combine two negative statements with identical predicates to form a compound sentence. The predicate is not repeated completely in the second part of the compound sentence. An auxiliary must be included in the second part of sentence.

There is difference while using either and neither. Read the following patterns.

Æ     Subject + auxiliary verb + not + either

Æ     Neither + auxiliary verb + subject

Example :

Crocodiles can’t fly. Snakes can’t fly.

à    Crocodiles can’t fly and snakes can’t either.

à    Crocodiles can’t fly and neither can’t snakes.

Indefinite pronouns 
Indefinite pronouns are words which replace nouns without specifying which noun they replace.
The following are kinds of indefinite pronouns.

1. Someone/somebody (unspecified or unknown person)

Example :

Clearly somebody murdered him. It was not suicide.

2. everyone/everybody (as a function all people)

Example :

We can start the meeting because everybody has arrived.

3. Anybody/anyone (no matter what person)

Example :

Can anyone answer this question?

4. Anything (no matter what thing)

Example :

The doctor needs to know if you had eaten anything in the last two hours.

5. Everything (all thing)

Example :

They had no house or possession. They lose everything in the earthquake.

6. Something (unspecified or unknown thing)

Example :

I just heard something what could it be.

7. Nobody/ no one (no person)

Example :

Nobody care about me.

8. Nothing

Example :

If you don’t know be answer. It’s the best to say nothing.

Besides it, none is also considered as an indefinite pronoun. It means not any. It is negative form of some.

Examples :

None of these proposals are yours.

Harry has some rabbits, but Andy has none.

Weather report

A weather report is a prediction of weather, often for a specific locality, in a newspaper, on the radio or television. The weather is predicted through application of the principles of Physics and meteorology.

Example A Weather Report 

Good morning. This is Fandy Christian with local weather report. It will be foggy this morning in almost all parts of town, followed by slight showers. However, the showers will not last for a long time. By early afternoon it will be sunny until late afternoon, followed by heavy rain in the evening into the night. Thank you.

Tables/Graphs

Tables and graphs can be useful tools for helping people make decisions. However, they only provide part of a story. Inferences often have to be made from the data shown. As well as being able to identify clearly what the graph or table is telling us, it is important to identify what parts of the story are missing. This can help the reader decide what other information they need, or whether the argument should be rejected because the supporting evidence is suspect.

TABLES

Table presents facts and fiures in compact form. There are several things that we need to pay attention to. They are, the table title, row or column labels, information given in individual cells and information given within rows and columns

Example:

GRAPHS

A graphs is a visual, concise means of presenting information. There are three basic kinds graphs: b line graphs,circle or pie graphs and bar graphs.

1.  Line graphs: A line graph is a way of representing two pieces of information, which is usually related and vary with respect to each other. This is useful when comparisons are needed.

2. Pie Charts: A pie chart is a type of a circle graph normally used in showcasing a wholesome quantity; we have to show that how this whole quantity is broken into parts. The whole quantity depicts entire sample space and the pieces of pie in the circle graph are called sectors.

3. Bar Charts: This is a type of chart, which contains labeled horizontal or vertical bars showing a piece of information and an axis. The numbers along the side of bar graph compose the axis. This is also called as a histogram; Bar Graph is useful when there is a numerical comparison.

Examples :

Expressing satisfaction and dissatisfaction

Expressing satisfaction is an expression for a feeling of happiness or pleasure   because you have achieved something or   got what you wanted.

Dissatisfaction expression is a feeling    we express when we do not get as   enough as we hope and feel disappointed   with some conditions, we must be   dissatisfied.

Example of informal expressing satisfaction and dissatisfaction

Satisfaction :

•Super!

•Great!

•Terrific!

•Fantastic!

•Smashing!

•Perfect

Dissatisfaction :

•Horrible!

•Very sad!

•Annoying!

•Disappointing!

•Frustrating!

•How bad!

Example Expressing Satisfaction

-It is with great pleasure that…!

-It gives me great satisfaction..

-I’m very pleased with it

-A most delightful example of..

-What a beautiful story!

-Great, love it.

-I’m content with.

Example Expressing Dissatisfaction

-It is disappointing that.!

-It is unacceptable

-This is the limit I won’t take any more of…

-Well, this is most unsatisfactory.

-The concert is so boring.

-What an awful meeting

-It’s not as good as I thought.

Formula of formal satisfaction expression

1. … to be + very pleased with …

2. … to be + content with …

3. … to be + satisfied with …

4. … to be + very delighted …

Example :

1.I am very pleased with his attitude

2.She is satisfied with the result

3.I am very delighted with the taste of this soup

Formula of formal dissatisfaction expression

•1. … to be + displeased with …

•2. … to be + discontented with …

•3. … to be + dissatisfied with …

•4. … to be + disappointed with …

•5. … To be + not satisfied with…

Example :

1. I am displeased with his attitude

2. I am discontented with the room service

3. I am disappointed with the concert

Expressing Satisfaction Dialogue

•Robert  : How do you feel about this food?

•Terry     : Wow….. I am very satisfied. It’s very       delicious. Great!

•Robert   : Yes, I think so. Would you have anymore?

•Terry     : Yes, of course.

•Robert   : I will take some for my younger sister. She’ll be very happy.

•Terry     : Yeah and I will take for my mom at home.

•Robert   :  OK. Let’s go home. I never feel satisfied  before.

•Terry     : So am I.

Expressing Dissatisfaction Dialogue

•Paul       : Have you read today’s newspaper?

•James   : Not yet. Is it interesting?

•Paul      : Yes, the apology from the company. Take a look. The paper is over there.

•James   : (Picking up the newspaper and starting to  read it) Is that all?

•Paul      : Yes.

•James   : This is not enough. I’m not satisfied yet. The size of the ads should have been half  of the page. Besides, the company only apologized but they didn’t mention what they would do.

EExpressing Pain, Relief, Pleasure

* Expressing Pain

when we get sick, we must feel pain on part of our body. When we get an accident, and we get injured because of it, we must feel pain. some expression of pain :

- its very painful. I can't stand it.

- the pain hurts me very much.

- that's hurts!-Oh, my headache!

- my back pains me.

- I'm not feeling well.

- I have a bad cough.

- I feel terrible.

- I'm really sick.

- I can no longer stand.

We can also add it with some interjection, such as : Oh!, Ouch! and Aw!

* Expressing Relief

When we have problem and we can solve it, we will feel relief. In other situation, when we feel worried about something that we will face it, we will also feel relief. a relief is lessening or ending of pain and worry. for example :

- What a relief!

- That's a relief!

- I'm very relieved to hear that (it)

- I'm glad everything's running well.

- I'm glad it's done.

- thank God for that.

- Thank goodness.

- thank heaveness.

- Oh, good!

- Oh, marvelous!, etc.

* Ekspressing Pleasure (happiness)

for example :

- I'm delighted.

- It's very delighted

- I'm pleased.

- I'm happy (for)...

- I'm glad.

- Great!

- It's wonderful.

- How marvelous!

- fantastic!

- It's a great pleasure!