Noun clause

There some kinds of noun clauses , such as the following

1. noun clauses which begin with that

a. As a subject

Here, we can’t omit the word ‘that’

statement	Noun clause
J     Sugar is sweet. It’s a fact. J     The children speak English fluently. It’s understandable.	J     That sugar is sweet is a fact. J     That The children speak English fluently is understandable.

b. as an object

here, we can omit the word ‘that’

examples:

statement	Noun clause
×     Danny is clever ×     Reading is necessary	×     I think (that) Danny is clever ×     We know (that) reading is necessary

2. noun clauses which begin with whether/if.

a. as a subject

example :

whether the man is tired or not is obvious.

As an object, the noun clause is formed from a yes/no question.

b. as an object

examples:

Yes/no question	Noun clause
E     Is your father a lawyer? E     Do the children enjoy the game?	E      I wonder whether your father is a lawyer. E     I don’t know if the children enjoy the game.

3. noun clauses which begin with a question word.

a. as a subject

when the noun clause become a subject, the verb is singular.

Example:

What we will do tonight is not decided yet.

b. as an object

examples:

Wh-Question	Noun clause
Þ     Where do you study? Þ     Who is she? Þ     Who has the dictionary	Þ     Please tell me where you study. Þ     I don’t remember who is she. Þ     I don’t know who has the dictionary.

Transitions: moreover, furthermore, in addition, therefore, consequently

Examples:
1. Rieke is clever and kind. Moreover, she is friendly. Many people like her.
2. The test was difficult. In addition, the time was also limited. Consequently, any students god bad marks.
3. It is raining hard. Furthermore, Ryan’s house is a long way from school. Therefore, he will wait until the rain stops.
-Moreover, use for augmentation
-Consequently, use for result, conclusion, summary
-In addition, use for augmentation
-Furthermore, use for augmentation
-Therefore, use for conclusion, summary
Moreover
You can use “moreover” to replace “and in addition.” It normally begins the second independent clause in a sentence, following a semicolon. Moreover is a transition, so you use it to make something follow another.
Here’s an example with correct punctuation:
-The hairdresser had dyed his hair the wrong color; moreover, the hair turned green when she tried to correct the error.
Furthermore
You use furthermore to add more information to what was already said or written. Furthermore is transitions  part of the Academic Word List and almost always used at the beginning of a sentence.
Example:
We believe that the project is possible. Furthermore, we believe that we can do it within a few months.
In addition
In addition, additionally or also, joins two sentences (independent clauses.)  The word introduces additional information.  These words are often called transition words or conjunctive adverbs.  (Also tends to be less formal than in addition or additionally).
Examples:
-Anne and Alex act and sing.  In addition, they dance.
-She must dance gracefully.  In addition, she must dance precisely.
Therefore
Therefore - (used to introduce a logical conclusion) from that fact or reason or as a result; it’s a conjunctive adverb (the term is not important!).
Examples:
-those people have their umbrellas up: therefore, it must be raining
-they heard the warning on the radio and therefore took another route
Consequently
“Consequently” is very similar to “so” and “therefore.” Like “therefore” it’s a conjunctive adverb (the term is not important!). It usually appears in the middle of sentence, but it may also be used at the beginning of sentence. If you know what the word “consequence” means, you shouldn’t have any trouble with this.
Examples:
-Hector decided not to use a map; consequently, he got lost and never found his way out of the forest. There he died.
-Gas prices rose too high for Matt to afford; consequently, he sold his car and made his daily commute by bike.
-Astronomy has been an interest of human beings for centuries; consequently, our curiousity has led to a better understanding of our place in the solar system and human space exploration.
-Poachers have hunted and killed too many elephants for their tusks; consequently, they have become an endangered species in some parts of the world.
- An adequate water supply is important to a farmer’s success; consequently, irrigation is used in places where water is in short supply.
-Hector was a very good student who studied constantly; consequently, he found a very good job after he graduated from college.
-The United States suffered terribly under incompetent Republican leadership during the 2000s; consequently, the Democrats easily won in the November 2008 elections

So, Too, Either, Neither

1. So and too

The words so and too are used to combine two positive statements with identical predicates to form a compound sentence. The predicate is not repeated completely in the second part of the compound sentence. An auxiliary must be included in the second part of the sentence.

However, there is a difference while using so and too. Read the following patterns.

v     So + auxiliary verb + subject

v     Subject + auxiliary verb + too

Example :

Shane is a smart student. Mark is a smart student.

è     Shane is a smart student and so is Mark.

è     Shane is a smart student and Mark is too.

Either and neither

The words either and neither are used to combine two negative statements with identical predicates to form a compound sentence. The predicate is not repeated completely in the second part of the compound sentence. An auxiliary must be included in the second part of sentence.

There is difference while using either and neither. Read the following patterns.

Æ     Subject + auxiliary verb + not + either

Æ     Neither + auxiliary verb + subject

Example :

Crocodiles can’t fly. Snakes can’t fly.

à    Crocodiles can’t fly and snakes can’t either.

à    Crocodiles can’t fly and neither can’t snakes.

Indefinite pronouns 
Indefinite pronouns are words which replace nouns without specifying which noun they replace.
The following are kinds of indefinite pronouns.

1. Someone/somebody (unspecified or unknown person)

Example :

Clearly somebody murdered him. It was not suicide.

2. everyone/everybody (as a function all people)

Example :

We can start the meeting because everybody has arrived.

3. Anybody/anyone (no matter what person)

Example :

Can anyone answer this question?

4. Anything (no matter what thing)

Example :

The doctor needs to know if you had eaten anything in the last two hours.

5. Everything (all thing)

Example :

They had no house or possession. They lose everything in the earthquake.

6. Something (unspecified or unknown thing)

Example :

I just heard something what could it be.

7. Nobody/ no one (no person)

Example :

Nobody care about me.

8. Nothing

Example :

If you don’t know be answer. It’s the best to say nothing.

Besides it, none is also considered as an indefinite pronoun. It means not any. It is negative form of some.

Examples :

None of these proposals are yours.

Harry has some rabbits, but Andy has none.

Weather report

A weather report is a prediction of weather, often for a specific locality, in a newspaper, on the radio or television. The weather is predicted through application of the principles of Physics and meteorology.

Example A Weather Report 

Good morning. This is Fandy Christian with local weather report. It will be foggy this morning in almost all parts of town, followed by slight showers. However, the showers will not last for a long time. By early afternoon it will be sunny until late afternoon, followed by heavy rain in the evening into the night. Thank you.

Tables/Graphs

Tables and graphs can be useful tools for helping people make decisions. However, they only provide part of a story. Inferences often have to be made from the data shown. As well as being able to identify clearly what the graph or table is telling us, it is important to identify what parts of the story are missing. This can help the reader decide what other information they need, or whether the argument should be rejected because the supporting evidence is suspect.

TABLES

Table presents facts and fiures in compact form. There are several things that we need to pay attention to. They are, the table title, row or column labels, information given in individual cells and information given within rows and columns

Example:

GRAPHS

A graphs is a visual, concise means of presenting information. There are three basic kinds graphs: b line graphs,circle or pie graphs and bar graphs.

1.  Line graphs: A line graph is a way of representing two pieces of information, which is usually related and vary with respect to each other. This is useful when comparisons are needed.

2. Pie Charts: A pie chart is a type of a circle graph normally used in showcasing a wholesome quantity; we have to show that how this whole quantity is broken into parts. The whole quantity depicts entire sample space and the pieces of pie in the circle graph are called sectors.

3. Bar Charts: This is a type of chart, which contains labeled horizontal or vertical bars showing a piece of information and an axis. The numbers along the side of bar graph compose the axis. This is also called as a histogram; Bar Graph is useful when there is a numerical comparison.

Examples :

Expressing satisfaction and dissatisfaction

Expressing satisfaction is an expression for a feeling of happiness or pleasure   because you have achieved something or   got what you wanted.

Dissatisfaction expression is a feeling    we express when we do not get as   enough as we hope and feel disappointed   with some conditions, we must be   dissatisfied.

Example of informal expressing satisfaction and dissatisfaction

Satisfaction :

•Super!

•Great!

•Terrific!

•Fantastic!

•Smashing!

•Perfect

Dissatisfaction :

•Horrible!

•Very sad!

•Annoying!

•Disappointing!

•Frustrating!

•How bad!

Example Expressing Satisfaction

-It is with great pleasure that…!

-It gives me great satisfaction..

-I’m very pleased with it

-A most delightful example of..

-What a beautiful story!

-Great, love it.

-I’m content with.

Example Expressing Dissatisfaction

-It is disappointing that.!

-It is unacceptable

-This is the limit I won’t take any more of…

-Well, this is most unsatisfactory.

-The concert is so boring.

-What an awful meeting

-It’s not as good as I thought.

Formula of formal satisfaction expression

1. … to be + very pleased with …

2. … to be + content with …

3. … to be + satisfied with …

4. … to be + very delighted …

Example :

1.I am very pleased with his attitude

2.She is satisfied with the result

3.I am very delighted with the taste of this soup

Formula of formal dissatisfaction expression

•1. … to be + displeased with …

•2. … to be + discontented with …

•3. … to be + dissatisfied with …

•4. … to be + disappointed with …

•5. … To be + not satisfied with…

Example :

1. I am displeased with his attitude

2. I am discontented with the room service

3. I am disappointed with the concert

Expressing Satisfaction Dialogue

•Robert  : How do you feel about this food?

•Terry     : Wow….. I am very satisfied. It’s very       delicious. Great!

•Robert   : Yes, I think so. Would you have anymore?

•Terry     : Yes, of course.

•Robert   : I will take some for my younger sister. She’ll be very happy.

•Terry     : Yeah and I will take for my mom at home.

•Robert   :  OK. Let’s go home. I never feel satisfied  before.

•Terry     : So am I.

Expressing Dissatisfaction Dialogue

•Paul       : Have you read today’s newspaper?

•James   : Not yet. Is it interesting?

•Paul      : Yes, the apology from the company. Take a look. The paper is over there.

•James   : (Picking up the newspaper and starting to  read it) Is that all?

•Paul      : Yes.

•James   : This is not enough. I’m not satisfied yet. The size of the ads should have been half  of the page. Besides, the company only apologized but they didn’t mention what they would do.

EExpressing Pain, Relief, Pleasure

* Expressing Pain

when we get sick, we must feel pain on part of our body. When we get an accident, and we get injured because of it, we must feel pain. some expression of pain :

- its very painful. I can't stand it.

- the pain hurts me very much.

- that's hurts!-Oh, my headache!

- my back pains me.

- I'm not feeling well.

- I have a bad cough.

- I feel terrible.

- I'm really sick.

- I can no longer stand.

We can also add it with some interjection, such as : Oh!, Ouch! and Aw!

* Expressing Relief

When we have problem and we can solve it, we will feel relief. In other situation, when we feel worried about something that we will face it, we will also feel relief. a relief is lessening or ending of pain and worry. for example :

- What a relief!

- That's a relief!

- I'm very relieved to hear that (it)

- I'm glad everything's running well.

- I'm glad it's done.

- thank God for that.

- Thank goodness.

- thank heaveness.

- Oh, good!

- Oh, marvelous!, etc.

* Ekspressing Pleasure (happiness)

for example :

- I'm delighted.

- It's very delighted

- I'm pleased.

- I'm happy (for)...

- I'm glad.

- Great!

- It's wonderful.

- How marvelous!

- fantastic!

- It's a great pleasure!

Poster

 Example of Poster

Definition of poster

A poster is an informative and decorative way to attract the attention to the information it contains. It is usually displayed in a public place. It is often decorated with designs or illustrations. Posters are used to convey messages in a visual format.

          Posters are used for a variety of purposes, and as such fall into types or classifications that make it easier to create a poster because each type has its own particular features.

Here are some ways to use posters in a literacy program:

•         To advertise events or products

•         To display information or instructions

•         To teach some kinds of information

Kinds of poster

•         Advertising

     Advertising posters are everywhere and are used to announce an event or a new product, according to the Free Library website. They are usually full-color and placed in high traffic areas, where they can be readily seen.

          •         Subject

          Subject posters are about something. They are sold at concerts or at art functions typically. The portrait of a musician or an art exhibit are often the subjects of these posters, hence the name.

•         Affirmation

          Affirmation posters feature inspiring or motivational sayings. They can feature Bible verses or beautiful pictures, plus some sort of affirming slogan to keep people motivated, cheered up or comforted.

•         Propaganda

          Propaganda posters often receive negative press because they are very often associated with political campaigns or corporate communication. They often feature logos and portray the values or philosophy of a company or political candidate.

Public service announcement

Definition of PSA (Public Service Announcement)

A public service announcement is an advertisement that a television or radio station airs for a cause or a charity. Public service announcements are not paid advertising or a free “commercial” for a non-profit organization. A broadcaster donates the ad time as part of its commitment to serve the public interest. PSA aired voluntary by individual radio and/or TV stations.

The goal of a PSA is simple : to get someone to take a specific action. It’s not to talk about the sponsoring organization. It’s motivate the targeted audience to act, example, to drop off canned goods for the food drive, to stop smoking, and to avoid drug abuse.

Basic guidelines for PSA format:

Most stations prefer 30-second spots. If you're writing a television PSA, you'll want to keep the announcer's copy 2 or 3 seconds shorter than the entire length of the PSA. Television stations run on a much tighter, more rigid schedule than radio stations, and you may find that if your PSA runs exactly 30 seconds, for example, the station may sometimes cut off the end.

Length of PSA	10 seconds	15 seconds	20 seconds	30 seconds
Number of Words	20-25 words	30-35 words	40-50 words	60-75 words

The steps how to make PSA

•         Target your audience. This will help you focus in both your desired media outlets, and also upon your PSA content.

•         Survey your media outlets to best reach that audience. That means that you need to know what media outlets are available in your particular geographic area.

•         Prioritize your media outlets. That is you need to know which outlets your target audience is most likely to prefer. For example, is your audience more likely to tune in to the 24-hour country music station than to the one that plays mostly golden oldies? If so, then you point toward the country music outlet.

Key points to remember about the writing PSA

•         The language should be simple and vivid. Take your time and make every word count. Make your message crystal clear.

•         The content of the writing should have the right hooks, words or phrases that grab attention to attract your audience. Then, you need to know who your audience is.

•         The PSA should usually request a specific action, such as calling a specific number to get more information. You ordinarily want listeners to do something as a result of having heard the PSA.

Examples

10 Second PSA 

WE COME FROM ALL WALKS OF LIFE, BUT WE TRAVEL DOWN THE SAME ROAD. LOOK FOR MOTORCYCLES & SHARE THE ROAD. THIS MESSAGE BROUGHT TO YOU BY ABATE of ARKANSAS

15 Second PSA

DID YOU KNOW THAT 75% OF MULTIPLE VEHICLE ACCIDENTS INVOLVING MOTORCYCLES WERE THE FAULT OF THE OTHER PERSON? DON'T BE PART OF THAT DEADLY STATISTIC, LOOK FOR MOTORCYCLES & SHARE THE ROAD. THIS MESSAGE BROUGHT TO YOU BY ABATE of ARKANSAS

20 Second PSA

APPROXIMATELY 75% OF THE MULTI-VEHICLE ACCIDENTS INVOLVING MOTORCYCLES WERE THE FAULT OF THE OTHER PERSON. MOST OF THOSE DRIVERS SAID THEY DID NOT SEE THE MOTORCYCLE. DON'T BE PART OF THAT DEADLY STATISTIC. LOOK FOR MOTORCYCLES & SHARE THE ROAD. THIS MESSAGE BROUGHT TO YOU BY ABATE of ARKANSAS

30 Second PSA: 

DO YOU KNOW SOMEONE WHO RIDES A MOTORCYCLE? CHANCES ARE GOOD THAT YOU SEE MOTORCYCLE RIDERS WHEN YOU ARE BEHIND THE WHEEL. FOR THE REST OF YOU, YOUR CHANCES OF BEING THE PERSON WHO HITS A MOTORCYCLE RIDER JUST WENT UP 300%. THAT'S RIGHT, YOU ARE 3 TIMES MORE LIKELY TO HIT SOMEONE RIDING A MOTORCYCLE JUST BECAUSE YOU DON'T HAVE A RELATIONSHIP WITH SOMEONE WHO RIDES THEM. DON'T BE PART OF THAT DEADLY STATISTIC. LOOK FOR MOTORCYCLES & SHARE THE ROAD. THIS MESSAGE BROUGHT TO YOU BY ABATE of ARKANSAS

Analytical exposition

Definition of analytical exposition

Analytical exposition is a text which persuades the listeners that something is the case.

The structure of analytical exposition

1. Thesis :

- Position : introduces the topic and indicates the writer’s position.

- Preview  : outlines the main arguments to be presented.

2. Arguments :

- Point : restates the main arguments outlined in the preview.

- Elaboration : develops and supports each point.

3. Reiteration : restates the writer’s position.

The linguistic features of an analytical exposition are :

1. focus on generic human and non human participants, such as exercise,

2. more use modality (e.g. might, can, could, will) and modulation (e.g.

    should),

3. few  temporal conjunctive relations (mostly logical reasons), such as

    moreover,

4. reasoning expressed as verbs and nouns (abstraction), such as think,

5. use of material, relational and mental processes, such as construct   

   (material); mean, is, are (relational); think, believe (mental)

Example:

Corruption And Corruptors

Corruption and corruptors are familiar in our daily life. Corruption is an act to enrich themselves by taking the rights of others. Corruptors are people who do corruption.

Corruption has adverse the country. It can be seen from the number of poor people are increasingly destitute because the funds should be given to those actually taken by the corruptors.

                         

The punishment for the corruptors in Indonesia has not been rigorous. The proof, though in punishment period, the corruptors still can travel freely. In addition, they  can receive a luxury rooms with various facilities.

So, corruption is action that adverse many people. Corruption can be done by anyone. Therefore, law enforcement should be done indiscriminately status.

Gerund

Definition :

A gerund is a noun made from a verb by adding "-ing." The gerund form of the verb "read" is "reading." You can use a gerund as the subject, the complement, or the object of a sentence.

Examples:

Reading helps you learn English. subject of sentence

Her favorite hobby is reading. complement of sentence

I enjoy reading. object of sentence

Gerunds can be made negative by adding "not."
Examples:

·       He enjoys not working.

·       The best thing for your health is not smoking.

Besides preceding infinitive verbs (such as to go, to buy), to can also stand as a preposition. However, it must be followed by a noun or verb-ing.

Examples :

¨      I look forward to hearing from you.

¨      I prefer swimming to walking.

¨      I am used to waiting for busses.

¨      I object to working on Sundays.