Sabtu, 24 November 2012


Poster
 Example of Poster
Definition of poster
A poster is an informative and decorative way to attract the attention to the information it contains. It is usually displayed in a public place. It is often decorated with designs or illustrations. Posters are used to convey messages in a visual format.
          Posters are used for a variety of purposes, and as such fall into types or classifications that make it easier to create a poster because each type has its own particular features.

Here are some ways to use posters in a literacy program:
•         To advertise events or products
•         To display information or instructions
•         To teach some kinds of information

Kinds of poster

•         Advertising
     Advertising posters are everywhere and are used to announce an event or a new product, according to the Free Library website. They are usually full-color and placed in high traffic areas, where they can be readily seen.

          •         Subject
          Subject posters are about something. They are sold at concerts or at art functions typically. The portrait of a musician or an art exhibit are often the subjects of these posters, hence the name.

•         Affirmation
          Affirmation posters feature inspiring or motivational sayings. They can feature Bible verses or beautiful pictures, plus some sort of affirming slogan to keep people motivated, cheered up or comforted.

•         Propaganda
          Propaganda posters often receive negative press because they are very often associated with political campaigns or corporate communication. They often feature logos and portray the values or philosophy of a company or political candidate.



Public service announcement
Definition of PSA (Public Service Announcement)

A public service announcement is an advertisement that a television or radio station airs for a cause or a charity. Public service announcements are not paid advertising or a free “commercial” for a non-profit organization. A broadcaster donates the ad time as part of its commitment to serve the public interest. PSA aired voluntary by individual radio and/or TV stations.
The goal of a PSA is simple : to get someone to take a specific action. It’s not to talk about the sponsoring organization. It’s motivate the targeted audience to act, example, to drop off canned goods for the food drive, to stop smoking, and to avoid drug abuse.

Basic guidelines for PSA format:
Most stations prefer 30-second spots. If you're writing a television PSA, you'll want to keep the announcer's copy 2 or 3 seconds shorter than the entire length of the PSA. Television stations run on a much tighter, more rigid schedule than radio stations, and you may find that if your PSA runs exactly 30 seconds, for example, the station may sometimes cut off the end.


Length of PSA
10 seconds
15 seconds
20 seconds
30 seconds
Number of Words
20-25 words
30-35 words
40-50 words
60-75 words


The steps how to make PSA

•         Target your audience. This will help you focus in both your desired media outlets, and also upon your PSA content.
•         Survey your media outlets to best reach that audience. That means that you need to know what media outlets are available in your particular geographic area.
•         Prioritize your media outlets. That is you need to know which outlets your target audience is most likely to prefer. For example, is your audience more likely to tune in to the 24-hour country music station than to the one that plays mostly golden oldies? If so, then you point toward the country music outlet.

Key points to remember about the writing PSA
•         The language should be simple and vivid. Take your time and make every word count. Make your message crystal clear.
•         The content of the writing should have the right hooks, words or phrases that grab attention to attract your audience. Then, you need to know who your audience is.
•         The PSA should usually request a specific action, such as calling a specific number to get more information. You ordinarily want listeners to do something as a result of having heard the PSA.

Examples

10 Second PSA 
WE COME FROM ALL WALKS OF LIFE, BUT WE TRAVEL DOWN THE SAME ROAD. LOOK FOR MOTORCYCLES & SHARE THE ROAD. THIS MESSAGE BROUGHT TO YOU BY ABATE of ARKANSAS

15 Second PSA
DID YOU KNOW THAT 75% OF MULTIPLE VEHICLE ACCIDENTS INVOLVING MOTORCYCLES WERE THE FAULT OF THE OTHER PERSON? DON'T BE PART OF THAT DEADLY STATISTIC, LOOK FOR MOTORCYCLES & SHARE THE ROAD. THIS MESSAGE BROUGHT TO YOU BY ABATE of ARKANSAS

20 Second PSA
APPROXIMATELY 75% OF THE MULTI-VEHICLE ACCIDENTS INVOLVING MOTORCYCLES WERE THE FAULT OF THE OTHER PERSON. MOST OF THOSE DRIVERS SAID THEY DID NOT SEE THE MOTORCYCLE. DON'T BE PART OF THAT DEADLY STATISTIC. LOOK FOR MOTORCYCLES & SHARE THE ROAD. THIS MESSAGE BROUGHT TO YOU BY ABATE of ARKANSAS

30 Second PSA: 
DO YOU KNOW SOMEONE WHO RIDES A MOTORCYCLE? CHANCES ARE GOOD THAT YOU SEE MOTORCYCLE RIDERS WHEN YOU ARE BEHIND THE WHEEL. FOR THE REST OF YOU, YOUR CHANCES OF BEING THE PERSON WHO HITS A MOTORCYCLE RIDER JUST WENT UP 300%. THAT'S RIGHT, YOU ARE 3 TIMES MORE LIKELY TO HIT SOMEONE RIDING A MOTORCYCLE JUST BECAUSE YOU DON'T HAVE A RELATIONSHIP WITH SOMEONE WHO RIDES THEM. DON'T BE PART OF THAT DEADLY STATISTIC. LOOK FOR MOTORCYCLES & SHARE THE ROAD. THIS MESSAGE BROUGHT TO YOU BY ABATE of ARKANSAS

Analytical exposition

Definition of analytical exposition
Analytical exposition is a text which persuades the listeners that something is the case.

The structure of analytical exposition
1. Thesis :
- Position : introduces the topic and indicates the writer’s position.
- Preview  : outlines the main arguments to be presented.

2. Arguments :
- Point : restates the main arguments outlined in the preview.
- Elaboration : develops and supports each point.

3. Reiteration : restates the writer’s position.

The linguistic features of an analytical exposition are :
1. focus on generic human and non human participants, such as exercise,
2. more use modality (e.g. might, can, could, will) and modulation (e.g.
    should),
3. few  temporal conjunctive relations (mostly logical reasons), such as
    moreover,
4. reasoning expressed as verbs and nouns (abstraction), such as think,
5. use of material, relational and mental processes, such as construct   
   (material); mean, is, are (relational); think, believe (mental)


Example:

Corruption And Corruptors

Corruption and corruptors are familiar in our daily life. Corruption is an act to enrich themselves by taking the rights of others. Corruptors are people who do corruption.

Corruption has adverse the country. It can be seen from the number of poor people are increasingly destitute because the funds should be given to those actually taken by the corruptors.
                         
The punishment for the corruptors in Indonesia has not been rigorous. The proof, though in punishment period, the corruptors still can travel freely. In addition, they  can receive a luxury rooms with various facilities.

So, corruption is action that adverse many people. Corruption can be done by anyone. Therefore, law enforcement should be done indiscriminately status.

Gerund
Definition :
A gerund is a noun made from a verb by adding "-ing." The gerund form of the verb "read" is "reading." You can use a gerund as the subject, the complement, or the object of a sentence.

Examples:
Reading helps you learn English. subject of sentence
Her favorite hobby is reading. complement of sentence
I enjoy reading. object of sentence
Gerunds can be made negative by adding "not."
Examples:
·       He enjoys not working.
·       The best thing for your health is not smoking.

Besides preceding infinitive verbs (such as to go, to buy), to can also stand as a preposition. However, it must be followed by a noun or verb-ing.

Examples :
¨      I look forward to hearing from you.
¨      I prefer swimming to walking.
¨      I am used to waiting for busses.
¨      I object to working on Sundays.

Granting Requests
Definition :
Granting means agree or admit that something is true.
Request is an imperative statement asking someone to do something. We only use the simple form of the verb. We can also use the word please.

Requesting
Granting Requests
§      Would you mind repairing my watch?
§      I wonder if you could write me an application letter?
§      Could you phone me at 7 o’clock?
§      May I use your computer?
§      Can I borrow your pen?
§      Sure. Here you are.
§      Yes, you may.
§      Certainly. It’s almost finished anyway.
§      Sure. Just be careful.
§      Of course, you can.
§      Not at all
§      Certainly not.

Example of Dialogue :

Ayu           : will you tell me about?
Palupi       : Sure, I will.
Ayu           : Let’s try to make lepat sometimes.
Palupi       :Ok.
Sure, I will, and OK are expressions to grant a request.

Giving Advice and Warning
Definition :
Giving  Advice is  to give (someone) a recommendation about what should be done .
Warning is admonition notice, or pointing out on  existing or potential danger, specially to one who would otherwise would not be aware of it.

Expressions Of  Asking  for  Advice
•What should…………………………….. ?
•What do you think should………… ?
•What do you advise?
•Could you give me some advice for ….?
•What you would advice?
•What would you do if……….?
•Do you think I should …..?

Expressions of Giving Advice
•You should/ought to……….
•I think you should/ought to………
•You ought to………………
•I advise you to
•If I were you, I would……..
•I would recommend that you ……
•You’d better tell …………..
•You must to……………….

Expression of Warning
•Look out! There is a snake beside you.
•Don’t step on the grass!.
•No smoking!
•No hunting!
•Be Silent
•No camping without permission!
•Do not cut down the trees!
•Keep out of the reach of children!
 o would otherwise would not be aware of it.


Dialogue Expressing of Warning
Wina                : “Mom, let me go out for a while, please?”
Mother             : “Where are you going to, Win?”
Wina                :  “I’d like to visit Ririn. She got accident this morning. She is in the hospital now.”
Mother             : “Okay, but take care when you drive! The road is very
                            slippery.”
Wina                : “Thank you, Mom.”

Adjective Clauses
An adjective clause must have a subject and a verb. It begins with a relative pronoun (who, whose, that, or which) or a relative adverb (when, where, or why)

Examples:
1. Harry wears glasses. He looks smart.
We can say: Harry who wears glasses looks smart.

2. The girl has silky hair. She is my cousin.
We can say: the girl whose hair is silky is my cousin.

3. That helmet is Niall’s. it has double glasses and many stickers.
We can say: the helmet that/which has double glasses and many stickers is Niall’s.